Despite some notable achievements in 2024, gender representation in political leadership continues to lag significantly worldwide. Although 2024 saw historic firsts—including the first directly elected women Presidents in Mexico, Namibia, and North Macedonia—106 countries have still never had a woman leader. This persistent gender gap in political leadership reflects deeper structural barriers and cultural challenges that continue to limit women’s access to the highest levels of political power.
The statistical reality of women’s political representation paints a concerning picture of progress stagnation. As of 1 January 2025, the proportion of women heading ministries decreased to 22.9 per cent, down from 23.3 per cent. This backward movement in ministerial representation suggests that gains in women’s political participation remain fragile and subject to reversal during political transitions.
The breakthrough elections of 2024 demonstrate both progress and the exceptional nature of women reaching top political positions. The direct election of women presidents in Mexico, Namibia, and North Macedonia represents significant democratic milestones, showing that voters in diverse political systems are willing to elect women to the highest offices when given the opportunity.
However, these isolated successes must be viewed against the broader backdrop of persistent underrepresentation. The fact that 106 countries have never elected or appointed a woman leader highlights the systemic nature of barriers facing women in politics. These barriers include cultural biases, structural discrimination, resource constraints, and institutional practices that favor male candidates.
Regional variations in women’s political representation reveal the influence of cultural, economic, and institutional factors on gender equality in politics. Some regions have made substantial progress through quota systems, constitutional requirements, and cultural shifts supporting women’s leadership, while others continue to resist change.
The decline in women’s ministerial representation is particularly concerning because cabinet positions often serve as stepping stones to higher political office. When women lose ground in ministerial appointments, it reduces the pipeline of experienced female leaders who might compete for prime ministerial or presidential positions in the future.
Political party structures play crucial roles in advancing or hindering women’s political careers. Parties that actively recruit, train, and support women candidates tend to achieve better gender representation, while those that maintain traditional male-dominated networks continue to exclude women from leadership opportunities.
Electoral systems also influence women’s political representation, with proportional representation systems generally producing better gender balance than majoritarian systems. Understanding these institutional effects helps explain variations in women’s political participation across different countries and political contexts.
The economic dimensions of women’s political underrepresentation include both causes and consequences. Women often face greater financial barriers to running for office, while their underrepresentation in political leadership may contribute to policy gaps in areas affecting women’s economic opportunities and social welfare.
Addressing women’s political underrepresentation requires comprehensive approaches that tackle cultural biases, institutional barriers, and resource constraints simultaneously. Successful interventions often combine legal reforms, capacity building, cultural change initiatives, and sustained political commitment to gender equality.